Free Essays on Art of Wondering

, philos and sophia. Which means, love of knowledge. That’s useful first of all, however it’s insufficient. What is sufficient? It is sufficient to ponder. Each time that you wonder, you are doing theory, not really as an order, yet as a vehicle to improve your life. Quit pondering, and you should state you have quit relaxing. As I believe you know, breathing falls into place without a hitch. Wonder does as well. To breath and to ponder share a great deal practically speaking. Little dread. Much expectation. Much expectation. It is the point at which you are not breathing effectively, when you are stifling, that dread, depression, and anguish set in. To inhale and to ponder are unified with life. In the event that you can appreciate both, you are really alive. Theory can be viewed as a journey for truth. For a few, it is the quest for God. For other people, theory encourages them accomplish lucidity of reasoning. Still others locate a specific genuine feelings of serenity through way of thinking since they see the world in context, permitting them to accomplish good ways from prompt concerns. There are those to whom reasoning is a super science, a succinct blend of all humanity’s psychological undertakings. Others will connect the soul of reasoning to the awesome, seeing the unfurling of a mysterious mixture with nature and God. Some will recognize the heavenly inside the human. There are the individuals who see only ludicrousness in both the human and the heavenly. Prepare to be blown away. Reasoning detonates with conceivable outcomes! At once or another in our lives we do theory with any one or a blend of the above reasons and significantly a larger number of reasons than we can make reference to. Regardless of whether we are pon dering isolated in the isolation of our private lives or in the friendship of individual voyagers throughout everyday life, maybe the primary concern would peruse theory is as reasoning does. To ponder as we meander can't resist the opportunity to advance our lives. We may not consider it reasoning. Whitehead on Philosophy Notice somet... Free Essays on Art of Wondering Free Essays on Art of Wondering Theory obviously, we will begin there! The word itself originates from two Greek words, philos and sophia. Which means, love of shrewdness. That’s useful first of all, however it’s insufficient. What is sufficient? It is sufficient to ponder. Each time that you wonder, you are doing reasoning, not really as an order, yet as a vehicle to advance your life. Quit pondering, and you should state you have quit relaxing. As I believe you know, breathing falls into place without a hitch. Wonder does as well. To breath and to ponder share a ton practically speaking. Little dread. Much expectation. Much expectation. It is the point at which you are not breathing effectively, when you are stifling, that dread, sadness, and agony set in. To inhale and to ponder are unified with life. On the off chance that you can appreciate both, you are really alive. Theory can be viewed as a journey for truth. For a few, it is the quest for God. For other people, theory causes them accomplish lucidity of reasoning. Still others locate a specific true serenity through way of thinking since they see the world in context, permitting them to accomplish good ways from quick concerns. There are those to whom theory is a super science, a concise blend of all humanity’s intellectual undertakings. Others will connect the soul of reasoning to the celestial, seeing the unfurling of a supernatural blend with nature and God. Some will recognize the perfect inside the human. There are the individuals who see only ridiculousness in both the human and the celestial. Learn to expect the unexpected. Reasoning detonates with conceivable outcomes! At once or another in our lives we do theory with any one or a blend of the above reasons and significantly a bigger number of reasons than we can make reference to. Regardless of whether we are pondering isolated in the isolation of our private lives or in the friendship of individual voyagers throughout everyday life, maybe the primary concern would peruse theory is as reasoning does. To ponder as we meander can't resist the opportunity to enhance our lives. We may not consider it theory. Whitehead on Philosophy Notice somet...

Discuss How Shakespeare Uses Language Essay

Talk about how Shakespeare utilizes language and emotional methods for character advancement in Act 2 Scene 2 of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare utilizes an assortment of semantic gadgets and emotional strategies for character advancement from Act 2 Scene 2 to Scene 4. We see Angelo’s exact, professional persona change to allurement, and last cold-bloodedness while we see the valid, sure side of Isabella as she endeavors to persuade Angelo to turn around his judgment, however in the long run loses her oblivious expectation on the acknowledgment of his actual ‘purpose’. In Act 2 Scene 2 Shakespeare depicts Angelo as exact, wisely managing the requests of Isabella to spare the life of her sibling by turning around capital punishment that has been passed on to him. The scene starts with the Provost and Angelo talking about Claudio’s discipline. The Provost sets out to inquire as to whether he truly needs Claudio killed, ‘All orders, all ages smack of this bad habit, and he to bite the dust for’t!’, and Angelo states that he does, ‘Did not I tell yea? Hast thou no structure? Why dost thou ask once more? ’. Shakespeare immediately utilizes sensational procedure of anticipating the contention that is to finish the sharp words traded between the two. Executive at that point asks what’s to be finished with the lady he got pregnant, Juliet. Angelo still will not yield, and says that Juliet, who is in the process of giving birth, ought to go to an all the more fitting spot, away from everything that is going on ‘Dispose of her To some progressively fitter place’ Shakespeare’s lexical decision passes on his merciless nature to the crowd, in this setting would mean ‘send her away’, obviously perusing the content utilizing increasingly present day language; ‘dispose’ is a horrendous word, particularly when alluding to a person, where it appears to be indistinguishable, particularly regarding a pregnant lady, along these lines unpretentiously hinting the noteworthy of Angelo’s bestial nature later in the scene. Angelo additionally calls Juliet a ‘fornicatress’, the cruel constanents of the name by and by conjuring the subject that is continually present through the play, that of appearance versus reality. In spite of the fact that Juliet shows up from Angelo’s speedy examination to be only a wicked individual, her existence is undeniably progressively mind boggling; she is far superior to most ladies of the time, she isn't a whore or philanderer, rather her lone flaw was not making sure about a marriage contract before she laid down with her fiancee. She is really a lady of solidarity and rule, not the straightforward miscreant that Angelo’s creating unforgiving, coldblooded character decreases her to. Isabella comes to see Angelo honestly, as timid as she showed up in her first scene at the abbey, and starts to beg him for Claudio’s life, ‘I have a sibling is sentenced to pass on. I do implore you, let it be his deficiency, And not my brother’. Angelo is depicted to be efficient and tenacious, ‘Condemn the issue, and not the on-screen character of it? Why, each fault’s censured ere it be done’ yet Lucio urges her to endure, empowering her ‘Ay, contact him, there’s the vein’ going about as a sort of Greek melody for the crowd. She does, and calls upon Angelo’s pity, leniency, and balance; she perceives that Angelo has the ability to authorize the law in full, yet puts forth for him that one must utilize power with control. Isabella’s methodology is a sharp one, attempting to convince Angelo to show a similar kindness for her sibling that she has. Indeed, the issue of kindness is encouraged upon Angelo, similar to the topic of human shortcoming, which all, Isabella stresses, succumb to. Her character is depicted as progressively shrewd, when she must be; her contention is solid and powerful, despite the fact that it isn't her contention that causes Angelo to yield, yet his fascination in her. Isabella additionally addresses the topic of utilization of intensity; ‘it is magnificent to have a giant’s strength,’ she tells Angelo, ‘but it is tyrannous to utilize it as a giant’, making an inference to ‘Jove’ to exhibit her point †even the divine beings, with colossal force, realize how best to utilize their amazing capacities. This is another exercise that Angelo’s character must learn; for in spite of the fact that he can utilize the law to its full degree on the off chance that he wishes, he needs to figure out how to temper his capacity with kindness and regard balance. Looking at the characters of Angelo and Isabella, one could contend that Isabella is ‘the image of goodness and benevolence set against a foundation of good decay’. On the other hand, one could consider her to be as pompous and deceptive, as we later find when she esteems her modesty higher than her brother’s life. Isabella keeps contending with Angelo until he at last yields and advises her to return the following day to hear his judgment. Everybody leaves, and Angelo talks a fairly striking monologue, clearly conversing with himself ‘†¦what craftsmanship thou Angelo? Dost thou want her obscenely for those things that make her great? ’. Consequently, through Shakespeare’s arranging, we discover that Angelo admits to himself that he is enamored with Isabella in view of her ethicalness and virtue. Regularly characters in Shakespeare’s plays have talks yet they don't frequently allude to themselves in third individual and when they do, it is regularly an indication of franticness. Maybe Shakespeare is proposing this as a sign for Angelo. What is sure is that he is battling with an internal fight between what he realizes he ought to do and what he wants to do, as his creates and starts scrutinizing the profound quality of his own character. It is with extraordinary incongruity that Isabella’s call to Angelo to check the shortcomings in his own heart is replied by Angelo’s affirmation that he is enticed by Isabella. It is this enticement that brings from Angelo his first explanation of benevolence toward Claudio: ‘O, let her sibling live! Hoodlums for their burglary have authority when judges take themselves!’ Shakespeare shows how Angelo understands that with experience of one’s own shortcoming comes leniency for others’ failings; be that as it may, he before long disregards this exercise, and falls into pietism in Act 2 Scene 4. In this scene, Isabella returns the following day as Angelo had asked, and he starts by saying that Claudio must kick the bucket. Isabella starts to leave, yet Angelo starts to entice her to spare her sibling, by offering herself. Isabella obliviously misjudges Angelo’s unobtrusive sexual offer, and he is compelled to advise her evidently that in the event that she lays down with him he will let Claudio live. Angelo blames her for lip service, and they talk about the fragility of ladies. Regarding character improvement in this scene, Angelo starts in a condition of unsettling, considering why he can't implore and with another attention to how the presence of things probably won't be consistent with the real world. Where before Angelo was brought together in his aims and activities, he has now gotten inside separated, ‘O place, O structure, How regularly does thou with thy case, thy propensity, Wrench amazement from nitwits, and bind the more shrewd spirits to thy bogus appearing! Blood, thou workmanship blood. ’-scrutinizing the intensity of power, position and outward appearance to persuade even shrewd men that bogus men are righteous. Shakespeare utilizes language of intimidation, ‘wrench’ and ‘tie’, and punctuation †‘O place, O form’ to maybe delineate the refined and bewildering nature of deceptions. Shakespeare additionally shows how Angelo is starting to tempt Isabella with unobtrusive and questionable lexis, yet moving increasingly more towards gruff, unforgiving and bestial talk as the scene advances. ‘I have started, and now I give my erotic race the rein’; Shakespeare shows how Angelo has nearly been controlled by his creature side. This is maybe stressed by the utilization of pony symbolism, ‘race the rein’, just as the utilization of plosives and dentals ‘fit they agree to my sharp appetite’, causing to notice his teeth and lips, fortifying his sexual desire and energy for Isabella. At the point when Isabella enters, be that as it may, she docilely acknowledges Angelo’s judgment, yet as the scene advances she keeps on discovering her voice. As Angelo drops into arousing quality, she appears to turn out to be progressively devout and religously extraordinary, nearly trading jobs with Angelo. ‘Th’ impression of sharp whips I’d wear as rubies, and strip myself to death’ †Shakespeare utilizes pictures of affection, demise and falgellation to communicate her sicken at submitting to Angelo. In spite of the fact that the supposition is profound, the language and pictures are exceptionally physical, recommending that her character would oppose the licentious sexuality by yielding herself to progressively grim darlings: torment and passing. Her blamelessness is likewise broken by Angelo’s raunchy offer †she appears to be stunned to discover that equity probably won't be as impeccable as it shows up. Her naivety is bit by bit stripped away as Angelo effectively defeats her danger to uncover him, and she sees that uprightness doesn't really triumph over wrongdoing. However, she despite everything has oblivious confidence in the respect of her sibling, Claudio, and trusts that he will shield her respect even at a mind-blowing expense.

Stilwell, Joseph Warren

Stilwell, Joseph Warren Stilwell, Joseph Warren, 1883â€"1946, American general, b. Palatka, Fla. Commissioned in the army in 1904, he fought in World War I and later served for 13 years in China. In Feb., 1942, during World War II, he went back to China, where he became (Mar., 1942) Chiang Kai-shek's chief of staff and commander of U.S. troops in the China-Myanmar-India area. Defeated in Myanmar by the Japanese troops, he retreated (May, 1942) through the jungles to India, where he built up forces for the successful counterattack (1943â€"44) in Myanmar. In Oct., 1944, Stilwell was recalled to the United States because of friction with Chiang. He became (Jan., 1945) chief of Army Ground Forces and commanded the U.S. 10th Army on Okinawa in the final months of the war. A frequently tactless but astute general, he was known as Vinegar Joe. His experiences in Asia are recorded in the Stilwell Papers (ed. by T. H. White, 1948; repr. 1972). See study by B. Tuchman (1972). The Columbia Electronic Encyclop edia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Definition and Discussion of Style in Prose

Style is the way in which something is spoken, written, or performed. In rhetoric and composition, style is narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament discourse; it is broadly interpreted as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. All figures of speech fall within the domain of style. Known as lexis in Greek and elocutio in Latin, style was one of the five traditional canons or subdivisions of classical rhetorical training. Classic Essays on English Prose Style Essays on StyleThe Colours of Style, by James BurnettThe English Manner of Discourse, by Thomas SpratThe False Refinements in Our Style, by Jonathan SwiftF.L. Lucas on StyleJohn Henry Newman on the Inseparability of Style and SubstanceOf Eloquence, by Oliver GoldsmithMurder Your Darlings: Quiller-Couch on StyleOn Familiar Style, by HazlittSamuel Johnson on the Bugbear StyleSwift on StyleSynonyms and Variety of Expression, by Walter Alexander RaleighA Vigorous Prose Style, by Henry David Thoreau EtymologyFrom the Latin, pointed instrument used for writing   Definitions and Observations Style is character. It is the quality of a mans emotion made apparent; then by inevitable extension, style is ethics, style is government.(Spinoza)If any man wish to write in a clear style, let him be first clear in his thoughts; and if any would write in a noble style, let him first possess a noble soul.(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)Style is the dress of thoughts.(Lord Chesterfield)The style of an author should be the image of his mind, but the choice and command of language is the fruit of exercise.(Edward Gibbon)Style  is not the gold setting of the diamond, thought; it is the glitter of the diamond itself.(Austin OMalley,  Thoughts of a Recluse, 1898)Style is not mere decoration, nor is it an end to itself; it is rather a way of finding and explaining what is true. Its purpose is not to impress but to express.(Richard Graves, A Primer for Teaching Style. College Composition and Communication, 1974)A good style should show no sign of effort. What is written should seem a happy a ccident.(W. Somerset Maugham, The Summing Up, 1938)Style is that which indicates how the writer takes himself and what he is saying. It is the mind skating circles around itself as it moves forward.(Robert Frost)Style is the perfection of a point of view.(Richard Eberhart)To do a dull thing with style--now THATS what I call art.(Charles Bukowski)[I]t may well be that style is always to some extent the invention of the writer, a fiction, that conceals the man as surely as it reveals him.(Carl H. Klaus, Reflections on Prose Style. Style in English Prose, 1968)Cyril Connolly on the Relation Between Form and ContentStyle is the relation between form and content. Where the content is less than the form, where the author pretends to emotion he does not feel, the language will seem flamboyant.   The more ignorant a writer feels, the more artificial becomes his style. A writer who thinks himself cleverer than his   readers writes simply (often too simply), while one who fears they may b e cleverer than he will make use of mystification: an author arrives at a good style when his language performs what is required of it without shyness.(Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise, rev. ed., 1948)Types of StylesA very large number of loosely descriptive terms have been used to characterize kinds of styles, such as pure, ornate, florid, gay, sober, simple, elaborate, and so on. Styles are also classified according to a literary period or tradition (the metaphysical style, Restoration prose style); according to an influential text (biblical style, euphuism); according to an institutional use (a scientific style, journalese); or according to the distinctive practice of an individual author (the Shakespearean or Miltonic style; Johnsonese). Historians of English prose style, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, have distinguished between the vogue of the Ciceronian style (named after the characteristic practice of the Roman writer Cicero), which is elaborately constructed, highly periodic, and typically builds to a climax, and the opposing vogue of the clipped, concise, pointed, and uniformly stressed sentences in the Attic or Senecan styles (named after the practice of the Roman Seneca). . . .Francis-Noel Thomas and Mark Turner, in Clear and Simple as the Truth (1994), claim that standard treatments of style such as those described above deal only with the surface features of writing. They propose instead a basic analysis of style in terms of a set of fundamental decisions or assumptions by an author concerning a series of relationships: What can be known? What can be put into words? What is the relationship between thought and language? Who is the writer addressing and why? What is the implied relationship between writer and reader? What are the implied conditions of discourse? An analysis based on these elements yields an indefinite number of types, or families, of styles, each with its own criteria of excellence.(M.H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harp ham, A Glossary of Literary Terms, 10th ed. Wadsworth, 2012)Aristotle and Cicero on the Qualities of Good StyleWithin classical rhetoric, style is analyzed predominately from the viewpoint of the composing orator, not from the point of view of the critic. Quintilians four qualities (purity, clarity, ornament, and propriety) are not intended to distinguish types of styles but to define the qualities of good style: all oratory should be correct, clear, and appropriately ornamented. The basis for the four qualities and the three styles are implicit in Book III of Aristotles Rhetoric where Aristotle assumes a dichotomy between prose and poetry. The base line for prose is colloquial speech. Clarity and correctness are the sine qua non of good speech. Furthermore, Aristotle maintains that the very best prose is also urbane or, as he says in the Poetics, has an uncommon air, that gives the listener or reader pleasure.(Arthur E. Walzer, George Campbell: Rhetoric in the Age of Enlightenment. State University of New York Press, 2003)Thomas De Quincey on StyleStyle has two separate functions: first, to brighten the intelligibility of a subject which is obscure to the understanding; secondly, to regenerate the normal power and impressiveness of a subject which has become dormant to the sensibilities. . . . The vice of that appreciation which we English apply to style lies in representing it as a mere ornamental accident of written composition--a trivial embellishment, like the mouldings of furniture, the cornices of ceilings, or the arabesques of tea-urns. On the contrary, it is a product of art the rarest, subtlest, and most intellectual; and, like other products of the fine arts, it is then finest when it is most eminently disinterested--that is, most conspicuously detached from gross palpable uses. Yet, in very many cases, it really has the obvious uses of that gross palpable order; as in the cases just noticed, when it gives light to the understanding, or power to the will, removing obscurities from one set of truths, and into another circulating the life-blood of sensibility.(Thomas De Quincey, Language. The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincy, ed. by David Masson, 1897)The Lighter Side of Style: TarantinoingForgive me. What Im doing is called Tarantinoing, where you talk about something that has nothing to do with the rest of the story, but is kind of funny and a little quirky. It was kind of avant-garde in its day and it used to develop some strong character traits, but now its just used as a cheap gimmick for pretentious film writers to draw a ton of attention to their writing style as opposed to serving the plot.(Doug Walker, Signs. Nostalgia Critic, 2012)

Essay Elizabeth Bennet - 1304 Words

She is witty, loyal, and clever but also impulsive, stubborn, and outspoken. She is Elizabeth Bennet. The protagonist in the famous Jane Austen novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ remains to be one of the most famous women in English Literature to date. Girls everyday say that Elizabeth Bennet is such an inspiration. They say they want to be just like her or to at least be friends with her. Admittedly, she is a pretty kick butt character with arcs that have you rooting for her and supporting her questionable excursions. In the end, the readers just wanted the best for her so that she would be happy in the end. Remaining relevant for hundreds of years, Elizabeth Bennet is practically a role model for girls reading the book. What exactly is it that†¦show more content†¦Darcy, himself. From then her true colors start to shine across each page and she comes into herself fully. Darcy begins by ignoring her at a public dance and then further on for disturbing the possible lin k between Jane, her sister, and Charles Bingley. There is definite reasoning behind it but Elizabeth is quick to judge those she encountered making it an important part of her overcoming her obstacles to become the romantic of the novel. For a while the reader sits there as she judges these first impressions of Darcy and his actions so hard when all they can think about is how they are going to fall in love so hard at the end. Since her father is not wealthy enough to carry on his estate with no sons she practically must marry to get some money back to the Bennet’s. Darcy starts to fall for her, because apparently how could you not, and proposes to marriage right away. He brings up their differences in class and how it would basically be a good investment to marry him. With Elizabeth’s judgement, the reader wants to take her side since she is quick to read a situation and react in a way that present how she is feeling with ease. She’s no often wrong so as the re ader we like to think if she can do this, why can’t we and it pushes us to this ideal version of ourselves modeled after her. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter explaining their situations from his eyes and the hearts of readers melt. He turns out to be aShow MoreRelated A Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Essay examples1591 Words   |  7 PagesA Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Throughout Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice , there are many references to the unusual character of Elizabeth Bennet ; she is seen to be an atypical female during those times. Wit , bravery , independence , and feminist views all describe a most extraordinary model for women. Pride and Prejudice is a humorous novel about the trials of marrying well in the early eighteenth century. ItRead MoreElizabeth Bennet Character Analysis Essay762 Words   |  4 Pages The book Pride And Prejudice by Jane Austen is about Elizabeth Bennet and her family dealing with different issues. A few of the many problems they come upon are Money, Manners and Marriage.As the book progresses Elizabeth Bennet learns not to judge a book by it’s cover and shows how shes different from many of characters and which characteristics that sets her apart from everyone else to be the main character. Elizabeth stands out in many ways and shows how her process of thinking comes uponRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries Elizabeth Bennet. Through dynamic character development between Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth BennetRead MoreComparing The Regency Era And The Current Decade. Class Issues, Racial Barriers, And Heredity1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe relationships of the Bennet sisters. Pride and Prejudice has the unmistakable ability to make the Regency Era conservatives mad. The idea of a lady of little wealth and a gentleman of old English money marrying was quite implausible, for â€Å"The Regency Period was a time for limited social mobility, where the upper classes were reluctant in dispersing their wealth among those who were not born with this privilege† (Social Class In Pride And Prejudice English Literature Essay). There is not a chanceRead MoreThe Man Sphere Versus The Woman s Sphere1103 Words   |  5 PagesExtended Essay The man’s sphere versus the woman’s sphere in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Abstract Introduction Jane Austen’s novels are known for not only being enthralling but also as characteristic of British society in the nineteenth century. Her novels present a compelling view on the historical, psychological, and sociological issues woven into the plots that are full of irony, farce, and versatile characters. One of Jane Austen’s most appreciated novels Pride and Prejudice illustratesRead MoreComparing Elizabeth Bennet and Charlotte Lucas in Pride and Prejudice1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe intent of this essay is to compare and contrast the characters of Elizabeth Bennet and Charlotte Lucas. The main points that will be compared and contrasted include the relative beauty, age and the characters of Elizabeth Bennet and Charlotte Lucas. The similarities and differences in their families, position in society and their wealth, their differing attitudes to marriage, and finally, who has the better deal and why, will also be discussed. By the end of this essay, the reader will be ableRead MorePride and Prejudice, Parenting1478 Words   |  6 PagesALTERNATIVE ONE – THE ESSAY QUESTION â€Å"I’d blame it all on the parents† The novel Pride and Prejudice involves many topics and symbolizes different aspects of life and behavior of people. In this essay I am going to analyze and discuss the theme of parenthood. I will only comment on the characters that are parents or come over as parents, namely, Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Gardiner, Mrs. Gardiner and Lady Catherine De Bourgh. The last character mentioned may not come over as a parent but she actsRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1076 Words   |  5 PagesFoil Character Essay In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, several characters serve as foils to others. 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In one instance, she shrewdly sends her eldest daughter, Jane, to her suitor’s abodeRead MoreThe Social Hierarchy Of Pride And Prejudice1708 Words   |  7 Pagesin today’s modern society, but contributed to create a society dominated by a ironclad hierarchy prior to the twentieth century. Jane Austen published Pride and Prejudice in 1813, which revolves around the love story between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy. Both Elizabeth and Darcy have to overcome various issues of the Regency era, and learn to accept each other towards the end of novel. Jane Austen showcases the nineteenth century turmoil between the upper class and the working class through

Wicked And Messy Environmentals Problems Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(110) " and public attitudes are so dynamic it is sensible for direction schemes and patterns to be dynamic as well\." Human activities over the decennaries have doubtless affected the environment.The coming of industrialisation and technological advancement is one such activity that has been argued as the cause of great harm to the natural environment. Coupled to the increasing demand to supply for the turning populations around the universe, this has led to a myriad of environmental jobs some of which have been described as â€Å" mussy † or â€Å" wicked † . We will write a custom essay sample on Wicked And Messy Environmentals Problems Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amidst the huge technological promotions, these wicked jobs still remain unraveled and elusive. They challenge our administration constructions, our accomplishments base and our organisational capacity. It is of import, as a first measure, that wicked jobs be recognized as such. Successfully undertaking wicked jobs requires a wide acknowledgment and apprehension, including from authoritiess and Curates, that there are no speedy holes and simple solutions They are the antonym of â€Å" tame † jobs which have straightforward distinct solutions. Rittel and Webber ( 1973 ) describe wicked environmental jobs as withstanding categorization and devoid of clear cut solutions. They have besides been associated with â€Å" extremist uncertainness † and â€Å" plurality of legitimate positions † ( Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1991 ) .What does this mean for natural resource direction? This suggests that natural resource direction has been plunged into an epoch of turbulency with decreasing effects of the traditional/conventional attack to job resolution. This brings to bear the challenges conservationists and policy shapers have to postulate with in the direction of wicked environmental jobs rather commonplace in modern times. This essay attempts to propose ways by which natural resource direction can be effectual in covering with these wicked jobs. It begins by discoursing four challenges that wicked jobs present: alteration, struggle, complexness and uncertainness. It does that by utilizing the Sierra Nevada Forest and the European cap- and trade plan for C dioxide emanations in the European Union as instance surveies. Finally, proposes that for effectual direction of environmental jobs through policy and pattern, a combination of the precautional, adaptative and participatory attacks must be considered to cut down the uncertainness and complexness associated with wicked environmental jobs. The first challenge associated with wicked jobs is complexness ; a trait Gunderson ( 1999 ) suggests is built-in in natural resource jobs. Complexity implies a trouble in set uping cause and consequence forms due to the presence of mutualities and multiple variables. Complexity is determined by the grade of uncertainness and societal dissension on a peculiar issue ( Patton, 2011 ; Stacy, 1996 ; Zimmerman, 2001 ) .For illustration, the status and tendency exhibited by wildlife populations are as a consequence of the interactions between factors such as anterior population, conditions, marauders, home ground, disease, off-site factors and opportunity events. If there is species decline in a population, which of these factors can be blamed for this result? The reply is non every bit simple as a work outing to a mathematical job since the job may be caused by one of the factors or many moving in concert. The proficient and societal facets of complexness have besides been identified. The former is linked to restrictions in quality of information and a lack in cognition systems which makes the diagnosing of a job really feverish and introduces high degrees of uncertainness. A quotation mark by Lawrence J. Peter alludes that † some jobs are so complex that you have to be extremely intelligent and good informed merely to be undecided about them † . The societal facet on the other manus, emanates from troubles in the coordination of information, activities and stakeholders across several subjects. The differences in positions, values, perceptual experience and beliefs of assorted stakeholders introduces struggle: another challenge in deciding wicked environmental jobs. Adding to complexness is the diverseness and scope of stakeholder values, a formula for conflict.Values have been observed to be a cardinal component in the actions of people ( Rescher, 1969 ) .There is frequently small consensus on what the job is, allow entirely a general solution ( Ritchey, 2005 ; Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) .Whether the issue is about air quality, H2O usage, constructing a dike or protecting forest species, the differing values of stakeholders is non in doubt.Parties normally involved in environmental policy preparation normally span the full length and comprehensiveness of administration, from the politician to the peasant husbandman. Given the trouble of integrating the divergent positions all the parties may lawfully set frontward, struggles have left most environmental problem-solving efforts stranded and engulfed in judicial proceeding. For illustration, a H2O resource contention in Colorado started over a proposed dike ( Bingham, 1986 ) .Some parties declined to take part in the treatment until the inquiry of whether or non a dike was needed was answered. Others thought, a dike was the lone manner to work out the H2O deficit job. However, inquiring the inquiry † how much H2O do we necessitate? † is indispensable to understanding the job which brings into crisp focus problem-framing ; a critical but quite debatable measure in environmental policy preparation. The procedure of problem- bordering involves inquiring inquiries that explore different facets of the job. It ‘s amazing how frequently people fail to inquire what or why a job is happening instead than presuming the solution is apparent ( Watzlawick et al, 1974 ) .This premise of cognizing the solution before researching the job farther has chiefly been associated with experts who may see new jobs every bit precisely as old 1s ( Kaplan and Kaplan, 1982 ) .The presence of conflicting values, hazard and uncertainness does non intend a definite determination can non be taken.It merely stresses the director ‘s demand to believe beyond the traditional attack to job framing and job resolution. neglecting to see that most wicked jobs alone and associated with alteration, another challenge of wicked jobs. As discussed earlier, the assorted mutualities and multiple variables in wicked environmental job makes alteration inevitable phenomenon. Horst Rittel in his paper â€Å" Dilemmas in General Theory of Planning † explains that when covering with wicked jobs one must acknowledge that every wicked job is a symptom of another problem.Considering the fact that ecosystems, societal, econonmic, cognition, engineerings and public attitudes are so dynamic it is sensible for direction schemes and patterns to be dynamic as well. You read "Wicked And Messy Environmentals Problems Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples"Policies must be continually be adapted to alter every bit good as constructed for local application.Wildavsky et Al, ( 1995 ) suggest that the lone manner to guarantee consistent advancement in dynamic and unsure state of affairss is to take incremental stairss that are bold plenty to go forth room for possible mistakes that enhance acquisition. Uncertainty is another challenge associated with wicked jobs due to the changeless alteration and reappraisal of scientific discipline and development. Therefore, it is rather rare for scientists to hold nem con on something as complex on an environmental or ecosystem level.In a complex unfastened system like the environment, cognition has bounds and certainty is far-fetched. What is the narrative today with the attack to work outing wicked environmental jobs? Is it working? It can be argued that uncertainness truly has played a function in the many statements that have characterized environmental direction treatments and a subscriber to the overplus of entreaties and judicial proceeding. The responses form authorities bureaus have been to bring forth more complex policy paperss warranting their actions and recommending for more research to do up for the cognition spreads that exists with the premise that differences are centrally about scientific discipline. On the contrary, grounds shows that difference in stakeholder places have more to make with conflicting values than with scientific uncertainness. This side of the statement is barely explored ensuing in the formulating of more paperss which have small to make with the underlying jobs. Owing to the fact that environmental direction makes determinations that affect both hereafter and present coevalss. There is a demand for better regulations and moralss to steer environmental directors. Bearing in head the challenges of changing ecological and societal conditions across big and spacial graduated tables, multiple stakeholder groups with really divergent values, high degrees of perceived hazard and scientific uncertainness, many research workers and environmental directors have espoused several theories and patterns which they deem are most appropriate for covering with wicked jobs. In the following subdivisions of this essay, three attacks ; adaptative direction, participatory procedures and the precautional rule will be introduced as the most appropriate for covering with modern-day environmental jobs. Adaptive direction has been argued as a direction scheme that will cover with scientific uncertainness and existent universe illustrations of its pertinence is apparent as reviewed in Stewart et al. ( 2004 ) . It has been associated with changing grades of success across a gamut of instances, each with results that enhance larning. The adaptative attack has been described as a acquisition attack that continually improves policy and pattern in the face of uncertainness and a tool to border philosophical, methodological and practical challenges that come with natural resource direction ( Holling 1978 ; Walters 1986 ; Lee 1993 ; Gunderson et Al. 1995 ) . † Learning by making † is the basic construct of adaptative direction. This attack has been recognized by international interdisciplinary attempts such as the sustainability scientific discipline plan ( Clark and Dixon, 2003 ) , the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005 ) and the Equator Initiative of the United Nations Dev elopment Programme ( UNDP, 2005 ) as holding the possible to cover with the complexness of socio – ecological procedures and enhance acquisition. A instance survey of the on-going success of the adaptative direction attack is shown by Canada ‘s Model Forest. To cut down the uncertainness, complexness while advancing the development of advanced thoughts and sustainability the Federal authorities initiated Canada ‘s theoretical account Forest Program in 1992.The Program consists of 11 theoretical account woods across Canada selected to reflect the diverseness of ecosystems and societal systems present in Canada ‘s Forest environment. Each theoretical account Forest is designed to work as a life research lab where novel integrated forest direction techniques are researched, developed, applied and monitored in a transparent forum that engages and spouses with stakeholders from environmental administrations, industry, native groups, educational and research establishments, community – based associations, recreationists and landholders every bit good as all degrees of authorities. The success from this adaptative attack have been many and includes the development of voluntary wetland preservation plans for private lands ; establishemenrt of protocols for describing on socio economic indexs based on Statistics Canada nose count informations ; developing an ecosystem -integrated resource direction program for the Province of Saskatchewan, production of a codification of forestry pattern to assist landholders understand and use the rules of sustainable forest direction ; constitution of the Grand River Reserve to protect three eco-regions and home ground for the endangered Newfoundland pine marten. Research workers have identified two signifiers ; the passive and active types of adaptative direction ( Wilhere, 2000 ) . The passive is strongly science centred and formulates policy based on theoretical accounts and revises the theoretical accounts as monitoring informations becomes available. The active signifier nevertheless conducts direction action as deliberate experiments. Though the passive is rather simple and cheap the active signifier consequences in better apprehension of the responses of natural systems to direction and can assist develop better policy. However, no individual attack has the complete armory for contending wicked jobs and though adaptative direction has had many successes it has its restrictions. Short term undertaking frames, stiff marks and a focal point of success prompt directors to go on with conventional and controlled direction attacks, even when encouraged by authorities rhetoric to use adaptative attacks ( Allen and Curtis, 2005 ) This restriction is due to the fact that wicked jobs do non merely have scientific uncertainness but besides is engulfed in a overplus of stakeholder struggles. Therefore adaptative direction demands to integrate a societal side as good including institutional barriers. For illustration, institutional stableness, organisational civilization hinged on acquisition and equal political and administrative committedness of resources ( Lee,1993 ) .To be effectual, adaptative direction will necessitate to include cognition from multiple beginnings, system theoretical accounts and support cooperation among stakeholders ( McLain and Lee, 1996 ) .This demand has led to adaptive co-management an attack that combines adaptative and collaborative direction in which rights and duties are jointly shared to better battle the challenges that wicked jobs may convey. Thus, coaction brings into crisp focal point the demand for carefully designed public engagement. Public engagement has become an entrenched construct in the preparation, execution and direction of environmental issues owing to its suitableness for turn toing the involvements of multiple stakeholders and cut downing struggle. It is rather common to see National and subnational authoritiess require the input of the populace in managing and development of environmental policy. An illustration being the US National Environmental policy Act and the US Federal Advisory Committee Act. Thus engagement in decision-making is progressively regarded as a democratic right ( Reed, 2008 ) .Increasing calls for public engagement remainders on many factors including turning misgiving of public establishments and functionaries, inareaing legislative demands for public engagement, the complexness and uncertainness of modern-day jobs, different hazard perceptual experiences and a turning acknowledgment that determinations are non wholly scientific but societal values and political relations are bui lt-in in all administrative determinations. Politicss has non been extricated from how the environment is managed, degree of public engagement and at what point in the policy doing procedure it is incorporated. Participatory procedures besides have a challenge of placing groups of stakeholders and conveying these involvements together in an environment conducive for larning ( Gray,1989 ) .It has besides been associated with intensive resource committednesss ( money, clip and human capital ) , drawn-out determination devising, reduced determination quality, increased struggle and diminished likeliness of a successful result ( Sample, 1993 ; Steelman 2001 ) . The Precautionary attack is one possible response to wicked jobs in the face of uncertainness and hazard. Some bookmans assert that it is a powerful tool for protecting human wellness and the environment under unsure conditions ( Cameron and Boucher, 1991 ) whiles other believe it is ill- defined, unscientific and of small value to policymaking ( Manson 2002 ) . Still many states have some signifier of precautional rule in topographic point when confronted with unsure wellness hazards though they may non explicitly refer to it ( Zander, 2010 ) .While the chief importance of this rule is embedded in proverbs like † better safe than sorry † it cardinal thought is that engineerings or patterns that have the possible to jeopardize the environment should be banned or strongly regulated until proved safe. Under the precautional rule, the absence or deficiency of grounds refering the harmful nature of a substance or pattern can non function as a justification for detaining action to modulate them ( Raffensperger and Tickner, 1999 ) . For illustration, the issue of planetary warming normally includes statements that either favour business- as -usual or the precautional rule. Oppositions against the rule base their statements on scientific uncertainness sing how worlds have contributed to climate alteration and the badness of effects that may happen. They by and large advocate for farther research to cut down the uncertainnesss before dearly-won emission-reduction policies are implemented. Advocates of the precautional attack on the other manus argue that the likely inauspicious effects of the accretion of nursery gases in the ambiance are serious plenty to warrant potentially dearly-won ordinance despite staying uncertainnesss. Its part to long term, multigenerational effects of policy determinations has been emphasized nevertheless it can non individual -handedly provide a practical usher to covering with wicked jobs. How to cite Wicked And Messy Environmentals Problems Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Primarks Market Entry Proposal

Introduction The decision to invest in a new and foreign market is not easy to make. A number of factors have to be taken into consideration. In spite of this, the decision to expand to foreign markets is not new to Primark. The company has taken these steps a number of times in the past.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Primark’s Market Entry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the company operates more than 250 stores in different parts of the world. The existence of these outlets is an indication that Primark has made deliberate steps to enter into new global markets in the past. A market analysis was conducted to determine the attractiveness of two potential countries that the company wanted to establish its operations in. The two were Brazil and Italy. The analysis revealed a lot about the company and the two countries. Evidently, the two markets have their own potentials for growth, especia lly in the apparel industry, which Primark specialises in. The issue of expansion into new markets in other countries is very critical to the operations of Primark. The growth is essential especially taking into consideration the nature of the industry this company operates in. There are numerous reasons why the company should go on with the expansion. In this executive summary, the justifications for selecting Brazil as the new frontier in Primark’s international venture are provided. The decision to expand to Brazil is supported by facts and figures, including a number of theories touching on international operations. Proposed Market Entry Strategies and Justification The proposed market strategy for Primark includes the utilisation of licensing in the first stage of entry. The second stage of expansion should be carried out with the help of complete ownership strategy. It is important to note that licensing is suitable for Primark since the global apparel industry is curre ntly experiencing intense competition. Complete ownership would afford the company advantages associated with independence, once established in the new market through licensing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Primark’s Entry Strategy: Recommendations A number of recommendations are made based on the findings from the market analysis conducted on the two target markets (Italy and Brazil). The recommendations are as follows: Brazil is the ideal market for expansion between the two. Expanding to Italy is not a good idea at this stage. Two market entry strategies are proposed. They include licensing and total ownership. Licensing should be conducted at the first stage of market entry. Complete ownership should then follow. It should come after the brand is already established in the new market. Background The current case study focused on the assessment of the attracti veness of both Italy and Brazil. The aim was to determine the best market for Primark’s expansion objective. The analysis and evaluation of the target markets revealed that Brazil is more promising compared to Italy. According to Sako (2006: 500), the motive to expand internationally is informed by the mission and vision statements of the company. In addition to the objective of increasing its profits, it is apparent that Primark aims at offering the customers high quality products. In addition, the company has a reputation of dealing with up-to-date and fashionable apparel. The products are sold at what can be regarded as affordable prices, which translate to value for customer’s money. The values will inform the entry of this company into the new market. The international ambitions of Primark are made evident by the more than 250 stores it operates in Europe Primark’s decision to expand internationally can be analysed from the perspective of normative decision ’s theory. According to this theoretical framework, the decision to enter into a foreign market should take into consideration the trade-offs between returns and risks (Caves 2007: 21). Consequently, Primark should go for the entry mode with the highest possibilities for risk-adjustment in relation to returns on investment. The availability of resources, together with the need for control, should also play a key role in the determination of the preferred entry mode. Dunning (1988:5) highlights the issue of resource availability with regards to international trade. According to Dunning, the concept entails the managerial and financial capabilities of the firm to survive in the given foreign market. Control, on the other hand, implies the need exhibited by the firm to influence systems, decision, and methods of conducting business in that particular market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Primark’s Market Entry specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More The factors enumerated above determine the linkages between the firm-level and the nation-level analyses of international markets. An evaluation of the two markets at the nation level settled on Brazil as the ideal market for Primark to further its expansion objectives. It is a fact that competition in the Brazilian apparel industry is very high. However, market conditions indicate the availability of opportunities for the establishment of a new company (Artigas and Calicchio 2007: 72). Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the adoption of the appropriate set of entry strategies can help Primark penetrate this market. The selection of Brazil as the preferred market for Primark is based on various nation-level factors. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited [PWC] (2013:5), Brazil has recently emerged as a strong and attractive economic player in the world. The degree of economic diversification in the country is high. In addition, the South American nation has a large domestic consumer market. The financial systems are well regulated, making the country an attractive option for Primark. According to Dunning (1988: 2), the general framework for determining market-specific and firm-specific factors influencing international expansion is fourfold. The factors of control, resources, risk and returns are essential to the analysis. The following proposal takes into consideration all these aspects of Primark at the firm level. In addition, the strategies proposed for the market entry appreciate nation-specific factors that will influence Primark’s activities. Analysis of Market Opportunities in Brazil Before going international, a firm should conduct an environmental analysis of the target market. The analysis of Brazil as the preferred market was conducted from different perspectives. The impacts of country-specific factors on the operations of the company were reviewed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various classical theories touching on international trade. The theoretical frameworks propose varying elements of comparative advantage, which make some countries more ideal for investment than others (Dunning 1988: 12). They also advance factor endowments that make a country a preferred international destination. The factors include land, labour, natural resources, and population size (Krugman 1999: 14). Nation-level analysis of Brazil is based on Dunning’s framework for expansion into foreign markets and Porter’s diamond model. According to Porter (1998:41), nations have the capacity to create new and advanced factor endowments. Factors countries can create include skilled labour, culture, government support, knowledge base, as well as advanced technologies (Porter 1998: 42). Consequently, the diamond model advanced by Porter illustrates the national advantages of Brazil in relation to Primark’s expansion objective. The individual factors in Porterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s model which constituted a nation’s comparative advantage included factor conditions and demand conditions (Porter 1998: 42).Other factors included related and supporting industries, coupled with firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Figure 1: Porter’s Diamond Model Source: Porter (1998: 41). Factor conditions refer to the situation in the country, with regard to production elements. Production factors include infrastructure, skilled labour, and technological base, among others. According to PWC (2013: 19), the economy of Brazil is large, and the infrastructure in most parts of the country is well developed. In addition, as an emerging economy, the country is developing very rapidly in relation to skilled labour and technological development (Porter 1998: 44). The apparel industry in Brazil is also fairy established with numerous brands, meaning that skilled labour in this industry is abundant. Demand conditions aspect of Porter’s diamond model entails the local demand for the products and services the investing company offers (Porter 1998: 44). According to MarketLine (2013:17), the apparel retail industry in Brazil is experiencing a strong growth. For instance, the value of the industry is forecasted to increase by 39.8% between 2012 and 2017 (MarketLine 2013:12). The growth is based on increasing demand in the apparel industry. Related and supporting industries in Porter’s diamond model referred to the non-existence or existence of other internationally competitive industries (Porter 1998: 45). According to PWC (2013: 153), Brazil importance in the global economy is attested for by the numerous international organisations based there. Some of the apparel companies in the country also indicate the level of competitiveness in the industry. The presence of these supporting industries in Brazil indicates that, innovativeness in the industry becomes a necessity. In addition, Primark would be able to enjoy more cost effective inputs. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry in Porter’s diamond model referred to the conditions in the country that determine establishment and organisation of companies (Porter 1998: 45). In addition, this aspect of the model determines management of the company. Consequently, these conditions determine the kind of competition in the particular country. In Brazil, most of the major players in the apparel industry are local firms. According to MarketLine (2013:12) the retail apparel industry is fairly fragmented, although the recent growth of the industry has helped lessen rivalry. Despite of this rivalry however, Primark would have the relative advantage of offering unique imported products. The role of the government in determining success of enterprises in any country cannot be underestimated. The government ultimately facilitates business environment in the particular country, for instance through policies and regulations. According to PWC (2013: 72), Brazil is a membe r of numerous international trade agreements. Some of the agreements include the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTA), and the Amazon Cooperation Treaty [ACT] (PWC 2013: 73). Other agreements include World Trade Organisation (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (PWC 2013: 73). Membership to such organisations indicates the country’s openness to international trade, a factor that favours Primark immensely. Labour laws in Brazil are, however, strict. In addition, there are tax regulations and requirements for all foreign companies to register with the Ministry of Development and Foreign Commerce (PWC 2013: 88). Despite of the political and legal risks involved in Brazil, the returns outweigh them, leaving a country a very ideal market for Primark investment. Usually, many countries will seek to protect local enterprises, due to the uncertainties associated with multinational firms. Attractiveness of the Country The nation-level ana lysis through Porter’s Diamond attests to the potential of Brazil’s apparel industry and the benefits associated with establishing operations here. Below are some of the reasons why the country is attractive for investment: Foreign investments are generally welcome in Brazil. Brazil is the leading country in Latin America in terms of investment opportunities. All major agencies in the world have granted the country Investment Grade rating. Local auditing and accounting standards are in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Recent changes in the business culture and the promotion of best practices in corporate governance are favourable to new investors (PWC 2013:31). However, Primark should be wary of some of the challenges associated with doing business in Brazil. The country is ranked as ‘fair’ with regards to the ease of establishing operations (KPMG 2012: 12). Figure 2: Ranking of Brazil in terms of ease of doing business Source: KPMG (2012: 12). The rising trend in foreign direct investments (FDI) in Brazil further indicates the attractiveness of the country. According to KPMG (2012:9), the country recorded a positive growth in FDI in the period between 2006 and 2011. The trend is expected to persist. Figure 3: FDI in Brazil Source: KPMG (2012: 9). Company’s Situation Analysis The firm-level analysis conducted on Primark was based the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) framework (Hill and Westbrook 1997: 47). Strengths constitute the internal factors giving Primark an edge over competitors. Weaknesses constitute internal factors resulting to a company being at a disadvantage relative to competitors. Opportunities constitute the external elements, which an organisation can exploit to its advantage. The business is also faced by a number of threats. They include factors that are external to the entity, and which may derail efforts to achieve business objective. Some of the key strengths of Primark that can favour it in the intended venture include the positive reputation and popular brand names. In addition, the strong supply chain, and the beneficial trade relations established in the other countries reflect positively for Primark. The major weakness of the company is however the low margins recorded in some of its branches. In exception of poor business environment conditions, the company might not be ready to expand further due to poor management. The key opportunities that Primark faces include the highly untapped Brazilian apparel industry, by international retailers. In addition, Brazil has a very large consumer base (Artigas Calicchio 2007: 76).The only apparent threat to Primark is the global economic depression, whose aftermaths might still be evident in the Brazilian apparel industry. Readiness to go Overseas The readiness of Primark to go overseas cannot be denied. The firm-level analysis reveals strengths of the company, which would be v ery beneficial in overseas ventures. In addition, the company has considerable experience of foreign markets entry from its operations in Europe. The national-level analysis also indicates immense opportunities for the company in the Brazilian apparel industry. Hence, all indicators point out that Primark is ready for overseas ventures. Market Entry Strategy Koch (2001:351) proposes a holistic model for market entry and market selection processes (MEMS). The design of the model takes into account all contexts of the business and the relevant practices. It highlights the external, internal, and mixed category factors that inform the selection of the market. The model is shown below: Figure 4: Factors influencing market selection Source: Koch (2001:352). The factors affecting the selection of mode of market entry are also depicted in Koch’s model as shown below: Figure 5: Factors influencing market entry mode selection Source: Koch (2001:353). Primark can use Koch’s mo del to select a strategy that is suitable in entering Brazil. Based on the findings made in the nation-level and firm-level analyses, licensing emerges as the preferred entry strategy. According to Brouthers (2002: 206), licensing entails a firm in one country granting another company in a foreign country to manufacture, process, or use the licensor’s trademark. The domestic firm apparently enters into licensing contract with the foreign firm, allowing it usage of certain intellectual properties for payment of loyalties or given sales percentage. Intellectual properties licensed can include designs, patents, and name of the firm. One of the major advantages of licensing is that the strategy has low risks associated with it during expansion internationally, and it is relatively easy and quick (Anderson and Coughlan 1987: 74). In addition, the licensor (in this case Primark) has the opportunity of capitalising on the licensee’s country specific knowledge. The licensee Pr imark enter into a licensing agreement with will have better knowledge and experience in relation to Brazilian apparel industry. Although licensing spreads the risks of entry into new markets to the licensee, the main risk of this strategy is risk to the reputation of the licensor. A licensee with poor reputation will ultimately ruin the reputation of the licensor. Other disadvantages of licensing include very little control to the licensor, and likelihood of the licensee becoming a major competitor. Wholly owned foreign operations involve the expanding company establishing a complete base of operations in the target market (Brouthers 2002: 207). The strategy is the most extensive, since it would require total involvement by the company. Fully owned operations have the greatest advantage of total control. However, the disadvantages of this entry strategy are also high. For instance, this method of entry exhibits the highest financial risks. In addition, the company might take relati vely longer duration to get established in the market, or even fail altogether. Implementation of Market Entry Strategy In the first stage entry level, Primark should use licensing as the market entry strategy. As the brand gains more recognition in the market, the company should then result to total ownership. Initially, Primark should select several leading apparel retailers in the Brazilian market. After negotiations with these retailers, the company should settle on the one with the most reasonable, attractive, and profitable deal. The licensing should then be entered in, for a specified duration of time. Primark will have to allow the licensee the permission to use the company’s trademarks, brand, among other intellectual rights. The licensing contract should be projected to a period during which Primark brand should be fairly established in the Brazilian apparel industry. After the contract termination, Primark should then establish wholly owned operations in the Brazil ian apparel industry. Conclusion The nation-level analysis of Brazil reveals the potential of the market for a foreign international apparel retailer. It is a fact that the country poses some challenges to a new entrant. However, the potential returns outweigh these risks. The firm-level analysis also reveals that Primark is fairly experienced in entering international markets. The numerous stores the company operates in Europe attest to this. However, the company should approach the Brazilian market cautiously since apparel consumers there have a different view of the industry. The products the company offers in the European markets differ with those demanded by consumers in Brazil. References Anderson, E., and Coughlan, A.T. (1987). ‘International market entry and expansion via independent or integrated channels of distribution’. Journal of Marketing, 51 (1), 71-82. Artigas, M., and Calicchio, N. (2007). ‘How half of the world shops: apparel in Brazil, China, an d India’. The McKinsey Quarterly, 1 (4), 68-79. Brouthers, K. D. (2002). ‘Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance’. Journal of International Business Studies, 33 (2), 203-221. Brouthers, K.D., Brouthers, L.E., and Wilkinson, T.J. (1995). ‘Strategic alliances: choose your partners’. Long Range Planning, 28 (3),18-25. Caves, R. E. (2007). Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dunning, J. (1988). ‘The eclectic paradigm of international production: a restatement and some possible extensions’. Journal of international Business Studies, 19 (Spring), 1-31. Hill, T., and Westbrook, R. (1997). ‘SWOT analysis: it’s time for a product recall’. Long Range Planning, 30 (1), 46-52. Koch, A.J. (2001). ‘Factors influencing market and entry mode selection: developing the MEMS model’. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 19 (5 ), 351-361. KPMG (2012). Investing in Brazil: a land of opportunities. Web. Krugman, P. (1999). ‘The role of geography in development’. International Regional Science Review, 22 (2), 12-32. MarketLine. (2013). Marketline industry profile: apparel retail in Brazil. Web. Porter, M.E. (1998). The competitive advantage of nations, New York: Free Press. PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited. (2013). Doing business and investing in Brazil. Web. Sako, M. (2006). ‘Outsourcing and off-shoring: implications for productivity of business services’. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22 (4), 499-512. This essay on Primark’s Market Entry was written and submitted by user Abbey Ramsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.